Summarize Comm Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sum up Comm Theories - Essay Example guideline of human social association is comprised of three fundamental components: The presence of the other with oneself, trailed by the ID of the other with oneself, and in conclusion the looking of hesitance through the other (p. 253). The three components of human social association are empowered through mass correspondence. The topic in this perusing is bolstered by the basic social hypothesis. The hypothesis contends that broad communications sets up business as usual that characterizes social developments to realize positive social change. The basic social hypothesis delineates that; correspondence happens through a mental procedure alluded to as â€Å"mob-consciousness† (Baran and Davis, 2015). The mental procedure is recognized through a quantitative exploration strategy. A trial approach is embraced to show how horde cognizance is impacted by mentality and the general condition. The quantitative examination technique was proficient and successful in setting up that a speaker can impact the general demeanor of the crowd. The exploration inferred that; correspondence happens when one gathering accept a demeanor went from another gathering and alters the disposition in regard to a specific part of the earth. The condition that impacts mentalities is of much significance to the gatherings in the crowd. The content accomplishes a shared belief between the writers and the perusers. The creators effectively clarify how the social establishments and elements of thought impact correspondence. The basic social hypothesis bolsters the subject of human social association. Correspondence emerges when perspectives are accepted and changed in accordance with oblige a shared conviction between the speaker and the crowd, and among the crowd

Corrosion Resistance of Electrodeposited Coating

Consumption Resistance of Electrodeposited Coating Qiongyu Zhoua,b, Yadong Zhanga, Xiaofen Wanga, Hebing Wanga, Ping Oua* aSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, PR China bInstitute of Applied Physics, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Shangfang Road 108, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330029, PR China Watchwords: Ni-W combination; Composite covering; Cr2O3nano-particles; Microhardness; Corrosion opposition 1. Presentation Mellow steel is a most generally utilized metal materials in building and modern applications because of its low cost and adequate properties [1]. In any case, gentle steel couldn't be appropriate served in the unforgiving condition in light of its profoundly helpless to consumption and fair mechanical qualities [2]. Disappointments, (for example, consumption or wear) frequently happen on the surfaces of gentle steel gadgets [3]. In this manner, planning of a defensive covering is outstanding amongst other known strategies for expanding the application fields of mellow steel [4, 5]. As of late, electrodeposition innovation has been broadly utilized on the grounds that it is actually a helpful, useful and economical strategy for building application [6]. Quantities of metal or composite, (for example, Ni [7], Zn [8], Cr [9], Ni-W [10, 11], Ni-Co [12], Zn-Ni [13] et al.) have beenâ electrodeposited as the defensive covering on the outside of gentle steel. Among these coatings, Ni-W co mposite covering has drawn loads of interests as a possibility to supplant hard chromium, in view of its low harmfulness for amphibian species [10]. When all is said in done, the reason for looks into on electroplated Ni-W composite covering is the means by which to improve their hardness and consumption opposition. Especially, joining a second fired particles into the developing metal or combination network during the electroplating procedure is a successful technique. The composite coatings consistently displayed improved mechanical and erosion properties [14-17]. Consequently, a lot of explores have been drawn on Ni-W nanocomposite coatings (Ni-W-Al2O3[18], Ni-W-SiO2 [19],Ni-W-TiO2[20], Ni-W-precious stone [21] and Ni-W-SiC[22], et. al). The fired particles utilized as the second-stage in the composite coatings, pretty much, would advance the consumption opposition, hardness or wear-obstruction [23-25]. Despite the fact that nano-Cr2O3 particlesâ have been confirmed as a positive and significant consolidated clay particles in Ni or Co covering [26, 27], there is no report about nano Cr2O3 particles utilized in electrodepositi on of Ni-W nanocomposite coatings up until this point. In this paper, so as to improve the exhibition of Ni-W amalgam covering which is know as a situation well disposed defensive covering with superb for mellow steel, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite covering was electrodepositied in the sulfate-citrus shower containing different of Cr2O3 nanoparticles for improving the two its hardness and consumption opposition. Mellow steel (1-1 cm2, Q235, Baosteel Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, China) was utilized as cathode and a platinum plate (1-1 cm2, Xianren instrument Co., Ltd. in Shanghai, China) was utilized as the anode. The mellow steel was precisely cleaned by 800, 1200 and 2000 coarseness emery-paper and afterward ultrasonically cleaned in CH3)2CO for 600 s. The cleaned mellow steel was enacted in 10% (w/v) HCl answer for 30 s and afterward washed with refined water. The base comprise of electrolyte arrangement is as per the following: 26.3 g/L NiSO4 ·6H2O, 98.95 g/L Na2WO4 ·2H2O, 147.05 g/L Na3C6H5O7 ·2H2O, 26.75 g/L NH4Cl, 0.3 g/L NaBr. Prior to electrodeposition, nano-Cr2O3 particles was included into the electrodeposition shower and afterward scattered by ultrasonic blackout (3600 s) to separate agglomerates. The electroplating current thickness and time were 4 A/dm2 and 1800 s. 2.2. Coatings portrayal The surface morphology was considered utilizing a checking electron magnifying lens (SEM, JEOL JSM-6700F), provided with an EDS spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, UK) for deciding the substance creations of the coatings. The stage pieces of electrodeposited coatings were described by X-beam diffraction (XRD, D/max-2200) with Cu Kî ± radiation, working at 40 kV and 40 mA, filtering from 20â ° to 100â ° with the progression of 0.02â °. The surface microhardness ofNi-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings were estimated utilizing a microhardness analyzer (VH-3) at an applied heap of 9.8 N for 15 s, each example was tesetd multiple times for averaging. The erosion conduct of the got covering was assessed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl arrangement by utilizing an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E). All tests were directed in a customary three-anode cell (comprising of the electro-deposied covering as a working cathode, Pt sheet as a counter terminal and SCE as a source of perspective terminal). The potentiodynamic polarization test (Tafel) of electro-deposied covering was tried from - 800 mV to - 400 mV with a sweep pace of 1 mV, while mellow steel was tried from - 900 mV to - 600 mV. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was led at Ecorr, with voltage bother abundancy of 10 mV in the recurrence go from 105 Hz to 10-2Hz. Every single electrochemical test are completed at room temperature (25 oC). 3.1 Characterization of nano-Cr2O3particles The portrayal of nano-Cr2O3particles was completed by utilizing TEM and XRD investigation, the outcomes are shown in Fig. 1. It is demonstrated that the particles are liberated from optional stages aside from Cr2O3, which is comprises of polyhedral structure with the mean width of around 40 nm. Unavoidably, there areâ some level of agglomeration between the nano-particles. The organization of electroplated W composite coatings can be dissected by EDS as the past examinations [28]. The W substance and Cr2O3 in the electroplated coatings as an element of Cr2O3 expansion in the electroplating shower are shown in Fig. 2. The Cr2O3 content is comparing to recognized Cr component proportion in Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings. As appeared in Fig. 2, with the expansion of Cr2O3 focus in electroplating shower, the Cr2O3 particles joined in the covering increment quickly when the Cr2O3 fixation is low (≠¤5 g/L). While it increments continuously when the Cr2O3 fixation is in scope of 10-20 g/L. A deviation from the Langmuir adsorption conduct in the high Cr2O3 focus arrangement is watched, which is brought about by certain particles would sedimentate by gravity in hydrodynamic states of without upset. What's more, the outcomes uncover that W content relating diminishes with the expansion of Cr2O3 expansion in electroplating shower. This is on the grounds t hat that the adequately high overpotentials is supportive of testimony of W atom[29]. When the Cr2O3 nano-particles adsorbed on cathode surface, it could shape as nucleation locales and in like manner diminish the overpotentials. Thus, the affidavit of W particle is restrained, while Ni itself can likewise be kept from its complex with citrate[30]. Fig. 3 shows the XRD examples of the coatings electrodeposited in the shower with and without Cr2O3 nano-particles. In the shower without Cr2O3 nano-particles (appeared in Fig.3a), the example of acquired covering comprises of an expansive top from 41â ° to 47â °, demonstrating the nebulous idea of the Ni-W amalgam covering. The undefined structure ought to be electrodeposited under the misrepresentation of the affidavit rate is high contrasted with the swapping scale, which infers that every single metal iota are promptly released once they get to cathode surface. In this way, high substance of W in the combination must be watched, which is affirmed by the EDS result (45.8 wt.%, appeared in Fig 2). What more, the formless trademark likewise can be shown by the SEM micrograph of Ni-W composite covering (Fig.4a). As the outcomes revealed in the literary works by O. Younes [30] and T. Yamasaki [31], the electrodeposited Ni-W amalgam coatings introduced as a formless state when tungst en piece extended from 20 to 40 at.%. While the structure of stored would change once the Cr2O3 nano-particles existed in the shower, Ni-W-Cr2O3 nanocomposite coatings display crystalline fcc structure of Ni-W compound and Cr2O3 stages. The explanation behind this marvel is that the decreased overpotentials brought about by the adsorbed Cr2O3 nano-particles on cathode surface would prompt statement of crystalline stage, which is thermodynamically more steady than the formless stage [30]. At the same time, a unidentified top at 2î ¸Ã¢â€°Ë†41.4 is introduced in the examples of the Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings. Comparable pinnacle have been seen by I. Mizushima et. al [32] and R. JuÃ¥ ¡k-nas et. al [33]. The previous suggested that it is the codeposition of nanocrystalline Ni(- W) and Ni-W-C stages [32]. While R. JuÃ¥ ¡k-nas et. al asserted this pinnacle compared to NiWO4[33]. Be that as it may, so far this atypical pinnacle stays unidentified. As the expanding of Cr2O3 nano-particle s expansion in arrangement, the power for diffraction pinnacle of Ni-W (111) increments and unidentified line profile diminishes, demonstrating that grain sizes of the Ni-W crystallites increment and the unidentified stage in the composite coatings continuous lessen. Fig. 4 shows the surface morphology of the coatings electrodeposited in showers containing diverse measure of Cr2O3 nano-particles. In all cases, the coatings are smaller, uniform and break free, which can give an obstruction to ensure substrate material. In correlation of Ni-W covering which shows an average shapeless trademark which is nonattendance of grain limits, Ni-W-Cr2O3 composite coatings is comprised of unpredictable precious stone structures, uniform disseminated ultrafine Cr2O3 particles and some capturing enormous knobs, which is brought about by Cr2O3 agglomerates codeposited with Ni-W as metal electrocrystallized. With the expansion of Cr2O3addition in the arrangement, the Cr2O3 particles comparing increment and the knobs pattern to be unobvious. The explanation might be that Cr2O3agglomerates become substantially more genuine in the high focus arrangement and afterward accelerate by settlement. Along these lines, the opportunities for agglomerate

Changing Roles Of Nurses Nursing Essay

Changing Roles Of Nurses Nursing Essay The job of medical attendants has developed significantly in the most recent decade as per the fast changes in innovation, just as political and financial turns of events. The perioperative specialists have a critical influence in this all nursing calling. In any case, the job of perioperative medical caretakers impressively changes in the working venue for an assortment of reasons. For example, the differing guidelines and rules obviously clarify the job of these attendants in the working room. Likewise, from the perspective of legitimate, good, and expert point of view, the job of nursing inside the perioperative scene has come numerous difficulties. The changing condition managing proficient responsibility and its impact on the extent of nursing practice has developed. As per Boss (2002), the adjustments in the nursing jobs throughout the years have been affected by a few controlling codes; Code of Professional Conduct (UKCC 1992) and Code of Professional Conduct. These progressions remember the entire field of creating jobs for perioperative nursing which incorporate filling in as cutting edge scour specialist (ASP). Dowling (1996) clarifies that these new elements of medical caretakers manage standards like gathering the requirements of patients, giving an all adjusted, total consideration just as creating required abilities. What's more, duty and responsibility are basic aptitudes are required in this field. Attendants who fill in as ASP have a few issues to content with, for example, autonomy, proficient responsibility, and obligation to mind notwithstanding legitimate issues. Recently, nursing has formed into all the practical exercises which emerged because of the mechanical, socio-affordable and political changes. The ASP is a piece of such a lot of nursing exercises since their jobs consistently fluctuate for a few reasons in the working theater. For example, various guidelines and rules consistently characterize the jobs of the ASP medical attendants who work inside the auditorium are created in an unexpected way. In the moral, legitimate and proficient points of view, the ASP preoperative situations have numerous new difficulties which must be tended to every day. The consistently changing limits of expert obligations and their impact on the training have developed. The clinical and practice impact has affected the scholastic, expert and scholarly advancement of the Scrub Theater professionals. The Advanced Theater Scrub Practitioners are by and by responsible for their training and should consistently work in an agreeable and community oriented way with the medicinal services experts and others who are associated with arrangement of care, regard and perceive their commitments to the consideration group. For the Advanced Theater Scrub Practitioners to be fruitful in their professions, they should be successful and consistently move in the direction of accomplishing a specific objective. The Advanced Theater Scrub Practitioners give the nursing care to the patients in a perioperative domain and they additionally manage the specialized and instrumentation gear that will be utilized during the entire procedure. Passionate work is in every case extremely essential for both the medical caretakers and the ASP and it ahs been set up to be significant in the nursing calling. In the Operating theater, the ASP need to consider two significant zones in their work which incorporate one, to keep the specialist managing the patient cheerful and the second, not to disturb the specialists. The subsequent point is a major update that on the off chance that the ASP can make the Surgeon affable and upbeat, at that point they will be certain that they won't agitated the specialists. It is enthusiastically suggested that the ASP keeps up the passionate work with the co-representatives as opposed to the patients. The jobs of the human services experts have changed extensively throughout the years and the attendants have been especially influenced. These progressions have emerged in light of the code of expert lead, the code of expert direct and direction. These progressions have influenced the entire zone of the perioperative nursing, for example, the Advanced Scrub Practitioner who was officially known as the First Assistant. The Advanced Theater Practitioners consistently have numerous issues to battle with which incorporates the obligation of care, self-governance and other legitimate and expert responsibility. The improvement of the all-inclusive jobs like the Advanced Scrub Practitioner has additionally made threats that the nursing calling could wind up in a terrible mess. Medical attendants accordingly must know that tolerating the jobs of the ASP issues which incorporate supporting instruction of training and improvement and the elevated expectations of care that the patients require and merit are considered in the prerequisites of the overseeing bodies and the social insurance the executives. The jobs of the ASP along these lines must be embraced by a skillful and qualified expert who ought to have gotten the fame preparing of this job and mindful that the consideration of the patient is central before whatever else. Thusly, the job of the ASP gives the medical attendant who acts in this limit an opportunity to give an exceptionally comprehensive consideration to every single patient. The PCC Act of 2003 along these lines unmistakably expresses that the obligations of the ASP don't at any expense include any careful intercessions. The job of the ASP doesn㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t require expanded practice yet rather the job is now settled into the venue nurture job and all things considered, it doesn㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t require a particular preparing. The jobs of the ASP thusly require some particular preparing skills and needs and that this job ought to be obviously states in the agreement work and expected set of responsibilities of the individuals who embrace this training. The NMC (2004) in their code of expert lead didn㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any protest for the specialists to build up the extent of their training however rather mentioned that the ASP concerned be able for the occupations and consistently be aware of the expert and individual accountabilities that they bear for their activities. Thusly, there are a few focuses in the code of NMC which allude to self-rule while thinking about the expert act of the ASP. The ASP ought to have the option to help and ensure the wellbeing of the individual patients and the customers. Another job was that the ASPs were expertly responsible for their activities and thusly they ought to be capable and liable for their oversights and activities paying little heed to any bearings they get from different experts. Another point was that the specialists should ready to understand their qualities and shortcomings so they can have the option to ensure the patients who are under their consideration. The particular obligations and determinations of the Advanced Scrub Practitioner will consequently incorporate yet are not restricted to: Performing skin planning preceding medical procedure of the patients. Hanging. Performing tissue and skin withdrawal. Treatment of the tissues and control of the organs with the goal that they can be set up for presentation or access. Taking care of the instruments which will be utilized in the medical procedure. Improving the correspondence channels between the ward, the theater and the patient and even performs preoperative appraisal and offer postoperative consideration assessment for the patients. They are liable for the utilization of backhanded electrocautery under the management of the bosses. They are liable for the utilization and keeping up of the particular medical procedure hardware in their territories of working. They are required to play out the male and female portrayal and furthermore remove the ties and stitches. The ASPs should help with haemostasis so that to make sure about and keep up an unmistakable working field. They are liable for holding the camera so that there is obtrusive access medical procedure to the patients. The ASP should help with situating the patients and furthermore direct a tissue suitability evaluation. They should deal with the tissues and control the organs for access or presentation. It is in this way imperative to note and know that the job of the ASP is expanded which requires approved preparing and those they are obliged for the upkeep of the exclusive expectations while remembering the insurance and backing of the patients in an expert and responsible way. On the opposite side, it is additionally commendable taking note of that despite the fact that the utilization of innovation can help in the ideal consideration of the patients, there ought to be an exceptionally solid requirement for cooperation between the careful patients and the perioperative specialists.

Important Consequences Of The Ninety Five Theses - 550 Words

Important Consequences Of The Ninety Five Theses (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date:Important Consequences of Luther's "Ninety-Five ThesesThe notion of the ninety-five theses by Martin Luther happens to be one of the most significant contributions in history. The supposition attributes to critical matters relating to religion and identifies as a sole cause for the Protestants reformations (Wrjedt 2). The Protestant community takes pride in the publication of Martin Luthers Ninety-five theses as an elementary basis for the foundation of the group. The positives taken from the publication and the observation of the ninety-five theses is inevitable concerning religious pluralism (Rubin 276). Martin Luther supposition lays open a path to combative reforms that exemplifies a realistic approach to public worship (Rittgers 380). Moreover, the ninety-five theses advocates for fairness in the wake of religious practice whereby all Christians are equal in the eyes of God.Martin Luther postulation highly disregards the conduct of priests and clergymen for being the primary cause of oppression and confinement under Christianity. The practice and the conduct of the clergymen and priest of the early church obstructed the revelation of indulgence in religious matters and the publication of Ninety-Five theses provided checks on the unacceptable behaviour of the priests and clergymen (Rittgers 377). Martin Luther says that That power which the pope has in general over purgatory corresponds to the power which any bishop or curate has in a particular way in his own diocese and parish. The theses publication augmented the foundation of breaking free from inevitable chains and the reformation of public worship and religious indulgence. Martin Luther arguably provides checks for the improper behavior going on in the church and identifies how oppressive and obstructive the church was growing.The publication of Marti Luther theses marks the transformation into the approach in religion and hugely objects the presence of suffering in the church. Luthers publication outlines the deprival and suffering of the Christians which leads lack of independence in the western church (Rubin 282). More so, the provision of the ninety-five theses presents a background for the liberation of individuals from invisible chains. The postulation of Martin Luther extends beyond the scope of religion and acts as a strong motivation to liberation and freedom from psychological ties in the society and other crucial matters (Rittgers 385).Martin Luthers Ninety-Five theses provide a substantial and concrete foundation for ethical observation and moral stance. The ethical provision, as well as deliberation of morals in the society, hugely relies on the provision of Luthers theses. Luther post a question on the moral decree, why does not the pope, whose wealth is today greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?''. Martin Luther pr oposes for practice and conducts that promote harmonious living among individuals while advocating for utmost respect (Rubin 273). The postulation of Martin Luther arguably presents a minimum threshold for Christians in the form of checks implying for moral observa...

Strategic Alternatives Matrix Swot Analysis - 898 Words

The TOWS strategic alternatives matrix utilizes those factors identified in the SWOT analysis in order to analyze the organization from a different perspective. There are four types of strategies associated with the TOWS analysis: ââ€"  The SO (Maxi-Maxi) Strategy: strategy that uses internal strengths to take advantage of external opportunities. ââ€"  The WO (Mini-Maxi) Strategy: strategy that uses external opportunities to minimize weaknesses. ââ€"  The ST (Maxi-Mini) Strategy: strategy that uses strengths to reduce the impact of external threats. ââ€"  The WT (Mini-Mini) Strategy: defensive strategy that aims to prevent the organization’s weaknesses from making it susceptible to external threats (Al-Mayahi Mansoor, 2012). SO Strategy The SO strategy for UPS entails utilizing UPS’s strengths such as their expansive global presence and network, financial strength, broad portfolio of services, and technological solutions to capitalize on increasing demand for their services from global growth, emerging markets, and growth rates in e-commerce. There are many opportunities on the horizon for UPS and their strengths will equip them to take full advantage of these upcoming opportunities. UPS has been successful in strategically positioning themselves around the world in key markets in order to capitalize on growth rates. This was possible due to UPS’s impressive financial situation. 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What is a king to a god Even if that god has committed...

What is a king to a god? Even if that god has committed unspeakable acts? Leda and the Swan is a poem that causes a lot controversy; some people feel that Zeus raped Leda where as others feel that she was seduced. William Butler Yeats officially published this poem in 1928. He was known as one of the world’s greatest authors of his time. Yeats was born in Sandymount, Republic of Ireland on June 13,1865 and lived to be 74 years old. He was very proud of his Irish nationality and â€Å"maintained his cultural roots, featuring Irish legends and heroes in many of his poems and plays.† (William Butler Yeats). He moved from Ireland to English for an extended amount of time, but later returned to Ireland after the â€Å"Easter Rising, which was an†¦show more content†¦Greek mythology was the Greek religion; it explained life, death and the entirety of the world to them. Some scholars wonder if the Leda and the Swan was a way Yeats used to show how he truly felt abou t Ireland’s downward spiral; how the English were destroying their culture and way of life. Scholars developed this theory based on the social-political issues going on between England and Ireland at the time the poem was written. Leda and the Swan is written as a sonnet. The particular type used by Yeats is referred to as a Petrarchan sonnet; a sonnet is defined as â€Å"†¦a fourteen-lined poem divided into unequal parts.† (â€Å"Kennedy, X J, and Dana Gioia.†). There are multiple types of sonnets, such as Italian sonnet, English sonnet, etc. Yeats was very creative in the sense that he starts out with an English style sonnet and then switches to an Italian style sonnet as the poem develops. The general rhyming scheme that Leda and the Swan has is: ABAB CDCD EFGEFG. In sonnets, there is something known as the â€Å"turn† which is when the entire poem shifts from talking about one thing to something else. In Leda and the Swan, this turn is when it goes from talking about Leda and the swan to the Trojan War. The poem would be quite confusing to any reader that doesn’t understand that it is about Greek mythos and written in the sonnet style. The wording itself isn’t hard to grasp. The real challenge is the understanding of the background story of

Live like pigs and refugees drama comparison Essay Example For Students

Live like pigs and refugees drama comparison Essay Live like pigs and Refugees drama comparison Live like pigs has the same background as the devised refugee piece because both pieces are to do with moving to different places and also changing themselves. There home is also pretty much the same to as in the live like pigs piece they live in a condemned broken tramcar on a caravan site which is not a practical place to live, and in the refugees piece they have to move to a place with conditions like the place in live like pigs. The language of the live like pigs piece is like there from up north because the word summit is used quite a lot, which actually means something and also they use the word mister and misses spelt differently, but in the refugees piece it was mostly our own voices with some accents but not really old English. The techniques used in live like pigs are the same as refugees because they both have the same sort of storyline and plot so therefore they have the same techniques such as because the characters are quite alike in both pieces. The type of play refugees is quite sad and mysterious because of the different music and lights being played and also the way of the acting such as facial expressions. In live like pigs the play is quite convincing because of the different types of languages used and the way it is laid out. . The setting is also important to the genre such as different colours, textual demands, and the relationship to the audience, durability, images and different atmospheres/moods. The place in the live like pigs piece is in a condemned broken tramcar at a caravan site with no windows, no water, the way people lived in them sort of conditions would probably get diseases and infected cuts. But in the refugee piece it was mostly set in cramp conditions and would be very dark which would be very very uncomftable. Also in the refugee piece the way people would have lived once they get into another country they would be staying in a small flat with other people and would probably look cheap and feel it as well. Character Compare The character from the refugee piece that Im comparing is one of the children, and the character im comparing from the live like pigs piece is sally. I chose these characters because they are both children and about the same age, and also quite alike. The child from the refugee piece does not just care about herself; she does care about her family but mostly her dog, where as in the live like pigs piece I chose sally because she doesnt care about her family as much as her self, but idols col. Both of the characters have relationships with someone or something and always have motivation. The child in the refugee piece I think is more mature then the child in live like pigs because of the little age difference, I think this because of the older child caring about her family where as the younger child cares more about her self. I think this because the younger Childs dad is a gypsy so she probably copied her father. I think the refugee piece is a Stanislavski theory because of the detail which makes the audience engages with the characters and the storyline. I think the live like pigs piece is a brecht theory because some of it has social issues which the audience is often made up to face to.

Motherly Roles free essay sample

Motherly Roles In the spirit of Mother’s Day approaching, I felt it only obligatory to talk about the mothers in the novels in which I’ve read. I could mention the first lady in which I read in class from the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, although this lady being Daisy Buchanan wasn’t much of a motherly role to commend. The mother I’d like to take my hat off to would be Ma Joad in â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath. † In comparison to a great motherly role is Mrs. Kelly in â€Å"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. † These are two mothers who would do anything to keep their families together. What is a mother? Yes, a mother is one who has conceived, given birth, and raised children through their own social, cultural, and religious differences. A mother is gentle, yet strong. A mother always shows you just how much she cares and always makes you feel as if you belong, even though you may feel she is completely off. We will write a custom essay sample on Motherly Roles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A mother is a dependable source of comfort, a cushion when you fall, a constant supporter through indecisive decisions, and one who gives guidance while you’ve drifted through a dark tunnel. No wonder we pay much tribute to our mothers. They are with us through think and thin and through the good times and the bad. From the six novels discussed in class, I believe Ma Joad from â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† amplifies the mother role. John Steinbeck writes an endearing novel, â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† about love, lose, hopes, struggle and the importance of family. Ma Joad was the courage, wisdom, and matriarch of the family. She was the mother to the main character/narrator Tom Joad. Whenever the Joads were ready to give up, Ma Joad would reinforce them with enough courage to go on. She even gave the voice of reason to Pa Joad when he was too weak and losing his place as head of the household, the voice of reason to keep him from giving up. She was the strongest person in the whole family. She not only had to be the right hand for her husband, but the strongest person for the whole family. She always had reassuring words to keep her family moving such as, â€Å"us people will go on living when all them people is gone. † When someone needed reassurance or advice, she was there for those who needed some guidance. Ma Joad was a woman of experience, which made her so wise to those she ncountered. She was the matriarch of her family as the head woman of her household. She is always strong and helpful, wise and courageous. She has the same fears as the rest of her family, but she keeps it well hidden to show her triumph through such hard times. Later in the book, Pa Joad actually looses his place as head of the household in weakness and Ma took charge. Itâ€⠄¢s hard to compare another mother to Mrs. Joad from the selected novels, but at least one did spark my interest. â€Å"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter† was Carson McCullers first novel published in 1940 when she was only twenty-three years old. She wrote her novel as an autobiography, which is ironic because it is her mother that truly stands out now and not the fictional character I thought she was. But for the sake of making things simple, I’ll just stick with the character in the novel. Carson McCullers herself was raised in Columbus, Georgia. Her father was a watchmaker, like in the novel, who also owned his own jewelry shop. In her early teen years her parents supported her in her interest in music. This support structure and the few glimpses of Mrs. Kelly is where I drew the conclusion that she is a good mother and deserves to be compared to Ma Joad. Although, the comparison will be short and far between, she is a mother none-the-less and more so than Daisy Buchanan in â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† for example. Mrs. Kelly in the novel â€Å"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter† is a mother to six children. Imagining six children in present time 2000 is difficult to even fathom with the economy dropping, but six children in the 1940’s just directly after the Great Depression, it seems impossible. Mrs. Kelly’s husband breaks his hip at his carpenter hob and is restricted to a wheel chair until he recuperates. His unfortunate outcome has him running a watch-repair business out of his own home. While, Mrs. Kelly helps with the watch-repair and takes care of the children as well as runs a dry cleaning out of their home. She offers to take in boarders to help put food on the table. With a husband unable to do fatherly roles, she hires a maid named Portia to help raise the younger children, cook, and clean. The family is considered poor in statue, but it doesn’t deteriorate from wanting the best for her family. Now in a time rebuilding from the Great Depression, most families are living the same, unless living a background of wealthy grandparents and great grandparents. She is an ideal mother of today and of definition. What makes a good mother? This is a pertinent question and one, which should never just be answered in a few words. Mothers are comprised with a bundle of emotions that defy reason. Mothers are meant to be there spiritually, physically, emotionally, and in modern society, financially as well. Ma Joad and Mrs. Kelly cannot be compared completely to one another since they do have different backgrounds and different situations at their foot beds. As per contrasting them, there is none, and there is no doubt in my mind that they are mothers one in the same.

Canadian Employment Insurance (EI) Applications

Canadian Employment Insurance (EI) Applications When to Submit an Employment Insurance Application Apply for Employment Insurance as soon as you stop working, even if you havent received your  Ã‚  (ROE). Be sure to submit your Canadian Employment Insurance application within four weeks of your last day of work, or you may lose benefits. You should receive your ROE from your last employer within five days of becoming unemployed. Some employers submit ROEs electronically, in which case you do not need to submit a copy to Service Canada. If you have difficulty getting a ROE from an employer, go to your  Service Canada Centre  or contact Service Canada at 1 800 206-7218 to find out how to get your ROE and what is needed to calculate your claim. Employment Insurance Application Form When making an application for Canadian Employment Insurance benefits, you will need to give the following information: Social Insurance Number  (SIN), and the SIN of the other parent if applying for parental benefitsMothers maiden namePersonal identification, such as a  drivers license  or  birth certificate, if you apply in person at a Service Canada Centre.Record of Employment (ROE) from each job for the last 52 weeksBank information or a blank personal cheque marked VOID, so  Employment Insurance benefits  can be paid by direct depositEmployment details, including gross salary (before deductions and including tips and commissions), gross salary for the last week of work from Sunday to the last day, and other amounts received or still coming, such as vacation pay and severance pay. Youll need to provide the names and addresses of your employers, including  postal codes.Dates of weeks in the last 52 that you  did not work  and whyMedical certificate if you are claiming sickness benefits or applying for compassionate care benefitsAdoption certificate if you are an adoptive parent c laiming parental benefits. Where to Apply for Employment Insurance You can  apply for Canadian Employment Insurance  in person by going to the Service Canada Centre nearest you. You can also apply for Canadian Employment Insurance  online.

Integrated management final presentation on MTV PowerPoint

Integrated management final on MTV - PowerPoint Presentation Example MTV emerged as a platform for record labels to advertise their music on a global scale. Many artists owed their rapid rise in the music industry to MTV. In the initial stages it was the medium of choice to communicate with the youth. MTV came into being on August 1, 1981. It was to replicate to music the effect of ESPN on sports. With its introduction of the video, it transformed the music industry (Stolpmann 2 – 4). These videos were very good sources of advertisement, and were as important as the record itself. In fact, the popularity of Madonna and other stars was chiefly due to these brief video clips. Thus, MTV virtually symbolized the pop culture. It has 72 channels in 140 nations and was broadcast in more than 32 languages. The 1992, MTV Rock the Vote event brought together candidates and a new generation of voters. Even Bill Clinton, the then presidential candidate participated in a live interview on MTV, while his competitor George Bush declined to do so. Clinton’s triumph was attributed by many to his making a favorable impression upon the young voters, via MTV (Paoletta 46 – 48). VJs, artists and participants in reality shows procured a celebrity status, courtesy of MTV. Anecdotally, the term video jockey or VJ was created by MTV. Many genres of music, like grunge and pop owed their success to MTV. Some of the artists and bands that benefitted from this initiative were, Britney Spears, Nirvana, Gorillaz and to some extent Michael Jackson. Several controversial but socially relevant shows were broadcast by MTV. Some instances being, Teen Mom, and 16 and pregnant. The detractors of these programs accused MTV of corrupting the youth, whereas the more liberal minded believed that major problems of society, such as teenage mothers were finally being addressed in an open manner (Davidson 112 – 113). MTV has tremendous reach, with regard to the

Motivation of Employees In Ainu Shamsi Hauliers Limited Essay

Motivation of Employees In Ainu Shamsi Hauliers Limited - Essay Example A presentation of the results and findings and its intrinsic analysis follows suit, after which a summative conclusion is afforded, and befitting recommendations geared to abate unbecoming organizational human resource dynamics ultimately propounded.This paper declares that  depending on our level of motivation, it may function to further determine the quantity of effort we infuse into our work, thus out rightly augment the standard of output. Employee motivation indicators capture the propellants of commitment, creativity, and energy levels by workers of a company on their jobs. They describe the psychological forces determining an individual’s effort level, level of persistence and behavior within an organization.  Numerous business managers are contemporarily ill aware of the effects that motivation can engrain in business. It is therefore pertinent that they learn and comprehend factors that function to determine positive motivation within the workforce. The size of th e business not withstanding; whether the intent is to obtain the best output out of thirty of your staff or only one, everybody requires motivation of some for.  Motivation is a paradigm approached through different facets by different businesses. It therefore emerges that the responsibility ascribed to its integration lies with the entire immediate supervisors of staff. It is the mandate of the business owner to initiate motivation as a strategic guideline for the attainment of organizational goals.   I therefore categorically assert that it is exigent to review the key factors or indicators in the motivation of employees, in order to facilitate affirmative work output in the organization. Literature Review Motivation is a function performed by mangers to encourage, impel, and inspire personnel to take action. In order to motivate employees, they must be reached, and reaching them entails a holistic comprehension of their make up’s complexity. Efforts of motivation must be directed at improving the organizational operation. However, for these efforts to be effective, they must also be designed in a way that exhibits benefits to employees. In actual fact, motivation can be accomplished aptly in the event that workers have the capacity to merge personal ambition with the objectives of the organization (Lundin and Christensen 2000). The existent relationship between the employee and the employer should be one characterized by understanding so that the employee is able to identify with his work as well as with his affiliate business. Deficiency in motivation consequently affects productivity. Several symptoms may point to low morale; increased number of grievances, high absenteeism, high number of defective products, and high employee turnover (Bowles and Cooper 2009). A motivated employee is loyal, and being loyal implies the employee’s support of the firm’s actions and objectives. In fact, the job’s appearance as a whole carries a bearing on the willingness in addition to the

Role Of A Nursing Faculty Member Essay Example for Free

Role Of A Nursing Faculty Member Essay Introduction The basic role of a nursing faculty member is to teach nursing skills to students effectively. The knowledge, skills and values acquired by the learners must be put into clinical practice. It is therefore the duty of the faculty member to impart practical skills to the students. There has been a debate on the most suitable method of teaching clinical medicine. Most arguments have shown that the effectiveness of the clinical teaching is determined by the end results. Teaching being a skill it requires specialized strategies for its positive desired end results. A faculty should be organized in hierarchy to enable proper allocation of duties; therefore the roles of the faculty member are very diverse and practical. ROLE OF A NURSING FACULTY MEMBER The aim of teaching is equip a student with knowledge and skills that are consumable. A good education program is deemed to be the one is able to satisfy both individual and societal needs. The changes in health care delivery systems, demographic trends, technological advances and developments in higher education influence the competencies needed for professional nursing practice. (Garberson Oermann 2007) The main developments in the teaching of nursing allude to the philosophical perspective in which the program goal and objectives based on the content are developed followed by the teaching evaluation process. The current strategies of teaching nursing focus much on the end results as such there is more focus given to an individual’s needs, learning activities, learning style, which has improved the quality of the end results. In a situation where teaching is based on the end result, the faculty member then should commence the teaching by identifying the end results rather than the intention of the teaching. Some of this en d results expected after the teaching process include knowledge, skills, professional attitudes behavior and values. Good clinical learning activity is achieved by enabling the students to be able to transfer acquired knowledge into real life situations. The knowledge (theory) acquired should be put into practice. Researches geared toward curriculum reforms are very important to a nursing faculty member in order to accommodate the fast changes in health are important. Nurse teachers should focus on giving students tangible skills based on facts. The ability to solve clinical is an important recipe to clinical teaching and learning. Most of the clinical problems require the student to be creative this necessitates the teacher to equip the student with necessary skills on how to solve practical new clinical problems according to the context. Therefore essentially critical and creative skills mind is in order to be abreast with the current challenges in health care that will help one work more effectively in the real life situations. The care services should spread evenly within a particular environment this is in the view that medical has grown to be a very vital service to be offered to people of all calibers in the world. PREPARATION NEED FOR THE ROLE The nursing faculty member and students in academic nursing must choose a healthy learning center to assist in acquisition of practical skills. The teacher therefore is expected to assign duties and responsibilities to the students within a given period of time. A faculty member should put in place different roles important in guiding the students in their learning activities. The major of the teacher is to empower the students with skills within and outside the clinical context that will enhance delivery of quality services to patients. Proper planning of the clinical activities requires a teacher to have more knowledge. A nursing faculty member should be able to organize the students into groups in order to improve the guiding of the cognitive skills that are crucial for problem solving. Typically students’ utilization of resources increases with the implementation of problem-based learning as students are challenged to research answers of learning issues. Resources for information include faculty experts, consultants, text, journal and a computerized data retrieval system as well as field and clinical experience. Lowestein and Bradshaw (2004). The subtler role of a nursing faculty member is to monitor the  Ã‚   learning atmosphere. The students acquire clinical skills positively this nurtures them towards working independently. Research has shown that when one works independently is likely to double the skills in the field specialized (DeYoung, 2003). The outcome of should be able to reflect need oriented especially the needs of the patients should be give priority. Evaluation is a very important criterion for establishing the knowledge and competence acquired by the student. Therefore suitable criteria for evaluation should be established and feedback given appropriately after each evaluation. Problem solving strategy has been found a very helpful learning strategy among students as it gives maximum outcomes. For a nurse to acquire necessary clinical expertise in understanding the multiplicity of factors that interplay in a give situation, the must impart research based techniques in a student. This can be done through giving the student  Ã‚   research tasks to be done especially those relating to patients. The implication here is that the student will have the opportunity to integrate the knowledge learnt with the past and present experiences and use it to solve anything new in future. A faculty member may be involved in clinic care activities in the process of ensuring quality assurance. In this event the teacher is acting as a role model to the students. There are diverse roles of a nursing faculty member among them include: administration, nursing education program course coordination conducting research and serving as a consultant among other functions (Gaberson, Oermann, 2007). Therefore the understanding of situation of clinical learning activities start with proper preparation in the part of the teacher, this is usually achieved by setting goals and objectives to be achieved. The goals and objectives determine the methods to be used in teaching process.   The teacher should be able to evaluate the extent to which a particular student is prepared before being assigned a duty to execute especially when they given a private client to attend to in the assigned clinical duties (Barnum, Karlene Kerfoot, 1995). Conclusion The nursing faculty member should equip the students with theoretical skills that can bring about positive learning process and the desired outcomes. The knowledge imparted on a student should have utilitarian value on an individual, the knowledge should enable them impact their patients positively. The roles that the nursing faculty member does are beneficial to the institution as well as the student. Positively the faculty member gives care services to the patients what might be called in-service function. It should be noted that nursing is a labour intensive activity, which requires commitment, it requires a 24-hour ongoing service and as such individual should be prepared to face this challenges appropriately. References: Arlene J. Lowestein, Martha J. Bradshaw. (2007) Fuszard’s innovative teaching strategies in  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   nursing. Jones Bartlett publishers. Barbara Stevens Barnum, Karlene M. Kerfoot (1995). The nurse as executive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aspen publishers. DeYoung, S. (2003). Teaching strategies for nursing educators. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall Health. Kathleen B. Gaberson, Marilyn H. Oermann. (2007). Teaching strategies in nursing. Aspen publishers.

Comparing King Arthur and With Honors :: Movies Film With Honors King Arthur Essays

Comparing King Arthur and With Honors Have you ever watched a movie or read a novel without a plot? Most likely your answer to this question would be no, because it would be dull. No one wants to hear a story with no intrigue or conflict. As you read a novel or watch a film, you want to connect with the characters and feel you can relate to the situations they’re dealing with. In every film and every story there’s a conflict the main character(s) is facing. The story of King Arthur, and the film With Honors appear at first to be on opposite sides of the entertainment spectrum. However, both are excellent examples of searching for ones inner human, and life’s meaning. While watching the film With Honors one could pick up on a lot of symbolism, foreshadowing, and numerous heroes’ journeys. Each character goes through their own search and personal development. For example the character Courtney played by Maria Kelly. In the beginning of the film she’s head over heals for her roommate and close friend Monty played by Brendan Fraiser. As the story unfolds, Courtney’s eyes are opened to see Monty’s true inner human qualities. The biggest heroes journey in the film With Honors is the journey Monty a Harvard law student goes through. During a heavy snowstorm one night, his computer freezes up, while he’s in the middle of working on his thesis paper, which he needs to pass in order to graduate. He goes to the library to make a copy of what he already has saved, but then he trips and drops his thesis into the basement of the library. Once in the library he finds a bum burning up his thesis for heat. The bum whose name Simon played by Joe Pesci. Simon makes a deal with Monty he will give him back his thesis page by page, for every good deed he does towards him. As the story unfolds Monty and Simon change each other’s lives. Monty starts off as an uptight, stereotypical, close-minded young man. Before knowing Monty, Simon is very set is his ways, and unapproachable. Because Monty and Simon’s personalities are so different, they are FOILS. As Monty earns back pages of his thesis Simon becomes a father figure to him. He shows him what is really valuable in life. Simon keeps rocks from memorial places; the rocks represent Simon’s life.

Desdemona as a Victim in the Tragedy of Othello Essay

Desdemona as a victim in The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is widely known for his famous plays, sonnets, and other works including the tragedy. In The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, many characters are unjustly victimized. Throughout the play, Othello’s wife, Desdemona, is a victim of many false statements that lead to her ultimate death. In the beginning, Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, believes that Desdemona is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. As the play progresses, Othello, who is overcome with jealousy, falsely accuses Desdemona of having an affair with his lieutenant and best friend, Michael Cassio. After acquiring â€Å"proof† that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair, Othello becomes so enraged to the point that he kills Desdemona. In conclusion, it is pretty obvious that Desdemona is unjustly victimized. In the beginning of the play, Brabantio believes that his daughter, Desdemona, is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. Because of this Desdemona has betrayed her father and she is said to be dead to him. Ay, to me. She is abus’d, stol’n from me, and corrupted  By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks; For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense, Sans witchcraft could not. (Oth. 1. 3. 59-64) In this quote, Brabantio tells the Senators that Desdemona is dead to him because she married Othello. He is sure that Desdemona is either being tricked or drugged because there is no way she would make the mistake of not only marrying behind his back, but also marrying a black man. Shawn Smith states that from the moment Brabantio learned of his daughter’s marriage, he was not happy with Othello, accusing him of witchcraft. †¦ [Desdemona’s suffering] initially appears in Othello in a formal legal setting when, in the first act, Brabantio initiates a suit against his new son-in-law, accusing him of improperly obtaining the love of Desdemona† (13). During this suit, Brabantio discovers that Desdemona intended to marry Othello and that she was not under a spell; because of this, he disowns his own daughter. She is considered a victim in this situation not only because her father disowns her, but because she was falsely accused of being under a pell her husband created. As the play progresses, the dishonest Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with his best friend, Michael Cassio. At first Othello does not believe Iago, but after acquiring â€Å"proof,† he falsely accuses Desdemona of not being faithful. â€Å" . . . She’s gone, I am abus’d, and my relief/ Must be to loathe her† (Oth. 3. 3. 269-270). Because he thinks his wife is cheating on him, Othello believes that his only solution is to hate Desdemona, even though it will tear him apart. Desdemona is a victim in this scenario because she is being falsely accused of cheating on her husband. She can also be considered a victim because of words that she chooses throughout this act. After Othello fires Cassio from his position as lieutenant for being drunk and disorderly on the job, Desdemona promises that she will make sure Othello forgives and forgets. â€Å"He [Othello] now believes that Cassio has despoiled Desdemona, and for that he seeks the cuckold’s vengeance. No longer the doubtful, frustrated falconer, he has become the convinced, determined avenger† (Carson 193). Othello is one hundred percent convinced that Desdemona is being unfaithful and he makes a rash decision to no longer be a trustworthy, loving husband, but rather a mean and vengeful man. Because she is stubborn with her words and actions, Othello mistakes her to be in love with Cassio. This does not work out for Desdemona in the end. Othello becomes so enraged and jealous at Cassio and Desdemona that he believes the only solution is to have Cassio killed and kill Desdemona himself. After â€Å"hearing† Cassio being murdered, he makes his way back to Desdemona’s chamber where he plans to strangle her in her sleep. Desdemona wakes up and after asking if she has said her prayers, Othello informs her of his plan. â€Å"Sweet soul, take heed,/ Take heed of perjury; thou art on thy death-bed† (Oth. 5. 2. 51-52). While he is in the act of killing her, Emilia, Desdemona’s attendant and friend, shows up. He lets her into the room and after she discovers the body of her mistress, she questions Othello as to who has murdered Desdemona. Othello replies, â€Å" . . . ‘Twas I that kill’d her† (Oth. 5. 2. 131). Shawn Smith paints a sad picture with his description of the reactions of playgoers and actors of Desdemona’s death. When Othello murders her, the horrible injustice of the act causes both the characters on the stage and playgoers, such as Henry Jackson, to be moved to pity her unmerited suffering† (7). Anyone who reads or watches the play will be moved with such an enormous amount of pity that they can’t help but see Desdemona as a victim under her horrifying husband, Othello. Desdemona can clearly be seen as a victim at the end of the play, not only because of all the false accusations made against her, but because of her murder. Throughout the play, Desdemona is a victim in many situations that lead to her ultimate death. Her father, Brabantio, believes that she is under the spell of Othello and after finding out that she willingly married him, he disowns her. Her own husband is overcome with jealousy made by false accusations and believes that she is cheating on him with his best friend. His jealousy and anger get so out of hand that Othello murders Desdemona in the end, not only because of the rumor, but because of her own words. If Desdemona had not been murdered, she would not be seen as a great victim. Her murder and the events leading up to it show that she is unjustly victimized throughout the entire play.

How The Government Manages Macroeconomic Issues - 1276 Words

Executive Summary In giving a diagram of the workings of the economy, this contextual investigation concentrates on the key part of HM Treasury in actualizing Government financial arrangements. It concentrates on: 1. How the Government manages macroeconomic issues, for example, financial development, livelihood and expansion. These issues are about the economy in general. 2. How the Government manages microeconomic issues, for example, the execution of organizations and their items inside of business sectors over the UK. This likewise has a direction on the profitability of this economy overall, and Britain s aggressiveness abroad. Dealing with the economy includes both full scale and small scale monetary strategy. Monetary†¦show more content†¦The economy An economy is a framework which tries to adjust the accessible assets of a nation (land, work, capital and endeavor) against the needs and needs of buyers. It manages three key issues: †¢ what is delivered †¢ how it is delivered, and †¢ who gets what is delivered. There are three principle sorts of economy: arranged economy, market economy and blended economy. Arranged (otherwise called order) sorts of economies were found in beforehand comrade nations, for example, Romania, Bulgaria and Russia, and in North Korea today. In an arranged economy the administration settles on all choices for society. Makers just make what they are told to make. The fundamental advantages are that most specialists are utilized and a great many people appreciate a comparative essential way of life. The issues, in any case, might be extensive: †¢ a arranged economy gives little limit for improvement, so development and speculation is constrained †¢ the foundation is for the most part immature as government spends on different zones, for example, safeguard †¢ wages are state-controlled, so individuals have less inspiration to perform at more elevated amounts †¢ prices are settled by government. Customers frequently can t manage the cost of extravagance merchandise, for example, PCs or cellular telephones, which are underestimated in created nations. In business sector economies (otherwise called free